US National Security Policy and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Gre Essay Example For Students

The Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Gre Essay eks and Romans The Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Gre Essayeks and Romans From the beginning of time, society has put an alternate an incentive on physical instruction and game. The motivation behind physical training has changed over various timespans and because of ever-evolving socio-social occasions. A few civic establishments utilize the act of physical instruction to get ready for war, some for benefit, and some for a general all-around advancement. Three old societies are of specific significance to advancement of physical training. The Athenian Greeks, the Spartan Greeks, and the Romans each had their own convictions about the psyche, body, and soul. We will compose a custom article on The Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Gre explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now While these early human advancements esteemed physical improvement to differing degrees, they are on the whole deserving of assessment inside game and physical training setting. In antiquated Athens, the inside and out resident was esteemed. To the Athenians, physical instruction was important to accomplish all-around mental, moral, and physical greatness. The Greek divine beings represented this thought, known as arte. The 12 principle lords of the Olympic Council had predominant scholarly and physical abilities, for example, quality, perseverance, readiness, and grit. They exemplified the Greek Ideal, which stressed the solidarity of the man of activity with the man of intelligence (Lumpkin, 1990, p. 167). The Greek Ideal turned into the Athenian Ideal as this city-state tried to give an instructive framework that urged young men to build up their physical and mental capacities (Lumpkin, 1990, p.168). Young men improved their physical ability so as to plan for war and furthermore to portray the stylish magnificence of the body. In Athenian culture, the unspoiled body was agreeably proportioned, alert, and genuinely fit for both common and military obligations (Mechikoff Estes, 1993, p. 45). The Athenians principle purpose behind physical rivalry was out of appreciation for regarded officers executed in fight and to pay tribute to the divine beings. A well known Greek epic, the Iliad, depicted the memorial service games held out of appreciation for Patroclus, Achilles companion who had been murdered in the Trojan War (Lumpkin, 1990, p. 167). The men took an interest in a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, a footrace, a duel with lances, a disk toss, bows and arrows, and a lance toss. Ladies had a totally different job in Athenian culture. The young ladies stayed at home with their moms and got next to zero training. They were detached to the home after marriage (Lumpkin, 1990, p. 168). Interestingly, the reason for instruction in old Sparta was to deliver an all around bored, very much restrained walking armed force (Donn, 2000). Sparta was known for overcoming different terrains and everything did in the Spartan culture was accomplished to accomplish this objective. To turn into a prevalent Spartan warrior, young men needed to persevere through fantastic agony and hardship. The young men were detracted from their folks at age 7, and carried on with a cruel and ruthless life in the troopers military enclosure. The more seasoned kids began battles with the more youthful kids to make them extreme and solid (Donn, 2000). Straightforward young men used running and bouncing as a methods for molding. They likewise took part in swimming, chasing, wrestling, boxing, taking care of business, riding ponies without any protection, tossing the plate and the spear, and contending in the pancratium. An exacting code of control was set on its kin. As young men set themselves up for military obligation, young ladies scholarly of their obligation to tolerate solid and sound youngsters. The motivation behind physical instruction for the Spartan young ladies was to set them up truly for this obligation. The Spartan state expected young ladies to partake in tumbling just as wrestling, swimming, and horseback riding. Moving was essential to the two young men and young ladies to improve their physical capacities and to respect the divine beings (Lumpkin, 1990, 167). Both the Athenians and the Spartans contended in celebrations to respect the divine beings. The most lofty and notable celebration where the Greeks struggled was the old Olympic games. The Romans varied extraordinarily from the Athenian Greeks in their accentuation on the inside and out resident. With the conceivable exemption of Greek music, most Romans were not happy with the overall advancement of man that underlined the tasteful and instructed parts of Greek culture (Mechikoff Estes, 1993, p. .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 , .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 .postImageUrl , .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 , .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688:hover , .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688:visited , .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688:active { border:0!important; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688:active , .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u897559 3ee02aff583373078424bc2688 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8975593ee02aff583373078424bc2688:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes Essay37). The reason for physical preparing for Roman residents was exclusively to make them devoted, restrained, and prepared to be a warrior (Mechikoff .

Essay Sample - The Best Places to Find Them

Essay Sample - The Best Places to Find ThemWith so many resources on essay writing available, how do you decide which of the essay samples is best for your needs? Many students seek out essay samples to provide a first-hand knowledge about how to craft a particular type of essay. While this approach is commendable, they can be daunting for some students as they could be very long, difficult to read, and difficult to comprehend at times.Here are some tips that can help you find the best essay samples that you need. First, you should look for sample essays that are written by students who write frequently for publication and/or have created them for publications. These essays will help you focus on certain points that you need to be aware of.The best place to find a high-quality resource is on college or university websites. Check with the Department of English to see if they have any free or low-cost resources that you can check out. You may want to check with the Academic Bookstore i n the school's library to see if they have some essays that you can review. If you need to purchase a book, you can check online to see if there are other students who have used the book.Another great place to look for samples is the website of a professional writer. The best professional writers have published books that give you a glimpse into their process and approach to writing. A good writer knows when to break from traditional guidelines to make an essay unique and interesting. You can use these examples as a guide and learn the same methods.Look for essay samples that are easy to read and comprehend. Try not to settle for just one essay. Look for several different types of essays and evaluate them to see what type works best for you.Make sure that you write the essay yourself. This will help you get a feel for how to structure it and how you can word the essay. It will also help you to familiarize yourself with the structure of the essay and understand the topics better. It will also make it easier to compose the essay because you already know how to structure the essay.Sometimes, you may want to buy some sample essays, especially if you are seeking a more personal approach. However, do not be afraid to critique the sample essays yourself. You can put your own twists on the sample essay to better fit the type of essay that you are looking for. In this way, you can learn from the mistakes of others and put together your own masterpiece.There are many places where you can find essay samples. You just need to be prepared to look for sample essays that work for you and your needs. With a little preparation, you will be able to choose the most appropriate essay samples for your needs.

SWOT Analysis of Your Essay

The SWOT analysis is a commonly used method, primarily employed by people in the business field typically for a cost-benefit analysis. It is used to assess a particular method or product to see if it is viable and to see what alternatives can be adopted and/or changes can be made to improve the process or product. If the product does not meet the user’s expectations or requirements, they will not be interested in buying that specific product, so SWOT analysis helps businesses survive. It can also be used prior to entering a market, or prior to introducing a new product and/or service in the market. The uses of SWOT analysis are not just limited to the business world, because it can also be used to evaluate and analyze your essay among other things. SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The following figure helps illustrate the point: As you can see, there are four sections; the pros and cons of both the product itself and the competition it may face. This method can be applied to anything where a feedback can improve the final product, including when writing an essay. As an example, to help illustrate a specific point, let’s discuss an essay about developing career opportunities in the Middle East. Once all the required background information has been acquired about the topic, information can be placed in each category to help develop an essay, making it both easy to start and to help strengthen the argument, and to make it clear to avoid misunderstandings. Strengths This category contains any useful information that supports and/or defends your point. In our examples, one strength is that there are many opportunities available in the Middle East to help develop various careers, as one would find anywhere else in the world. In general, you should have at least the same number of strengths as weaknesses and at least as strong of an argument. Weaknesses These are the pitfalls or issues regarding your essay. For example: why should one stay in the Middle East to develop a career rather than, let’s say, England or North America? When developing weaknesses, it can help provide some insight about how to improve your essay or debate. For example, for the above statement, one strong point is that there is lower cost and faster development time in the career one decides to choose in the Middle East as compared to elsewhere in the world. Opportunities This category can be thought as the message a reader can take away from the essay. In our example, we want the reader to understand how beneficial it would be for the person to stay in the Middle East to develop their career by reducing both time and money spent on their development. Threats For essays, this category contains information that can backfire against you including weak arguments that can be easily criticize or countered. In our example, one threat is that it may be easier to get in a particular industry in another country than the Middle East or another country may have more opportunities for a specific field. By separating your information into these four categories, it becomes easier to both start and develop a sound essay by focusing on the â€Å"strengths† so the reader can take away your points in the â€Å"opportunities† while developing counter arguments to the â€Å"weaknesses† which reduce the â€Å"threat† of having the reader misunderstand or go against the purpose of your essay.

Extended Outline or Action Plan for consultancy report Outline

Essays on Extended Outline or Action Plan for consultancy report Outline Benefits of Employee Engagement Introduction A direct relationship exists between employee engagement and the success of a business company. This relationship is quantifiable especially regarding international or global business. Scholars of human resources management and other related disciplines define employee engagement as a situation where the management of the business organization enhances commitment of employees on their responsibilities resulting in total commitment. In this case, employees develop a spirit where they put company goals and objectives before personal goals. Engaged employees commit themselves to work and in the process do not have time to gossip even during grapevine. A business company with engaged employees reduces conflicts among employees making it one of the most appropriate mechanism tom avoid conflict. Most business managers and chief executives define success perfectly but fail in comprehending the drivers of success. Managers consider various aspects of success among them profit levels, market share, as well as brand equity. Literature Review Macey, (2009, p. 21) holds that the real impetus of the business lies with employees. Employees become even more critical when discussing global enterprise. They design, develop, and produce products in addition to attending to company clients. Employees represent the face of the business brand. Scholars concur on the fact that employees constitute determinants of either successful international and local business or those that rarely or fail to attain the full capacity. A successful local or global business enterprise has engaged employees. Research by Azusa Pacific University, 1983, p. 67)) shows that business companies with high rates of employee engagement recorded a nineteen percent increase in their operating income over one year trading period. Similarly, the same companies witnessed a rise in earnings per share averaging twenty-eight percent. On the other hand, (Oyemba) notes that business with low abilities of engaging employees recorded a drop in income averaging more than thirty-two percent over the same financial period. This correspondent with an eleven percent decline in earnings per share. Flippo, (1984, p. 19) identifies that most managers took lessons from Michael Lewis’ Moneyball applying the same to their respective business environment with measurable success. Issues under consideration included among others measurement of the degree of engagement among employees, evaluation of their performance, as well as levels of elevation. Global companies operate in various parts of the world and among people with diverse ethnic backgrounds. The Institute Of Personnel Management, (1969, p. 112) writes that this means that adopting the skills and qualities of evaluating intangible factors adds to the quality of performance. The introduction of measurable tools of intangible factors gives managers new, insightful, and actionable solutions to any situation regarding their employees. Relevant and concrete information replaces perceptions, gut feel, and intuition (Lucas, 1999, p. 33). Wells Fargo stands out as the example of an international company that recognized and emb raced the value of successful employee engagement. The company operating in Europe, Africa, as well as the United States of America applied the happy-to-grumpy ratio to assess the levels of its employee engagement. Apart from evaluating what was important in motivating its employees, they also evaluated the degree of their employee engagement. As a successful international company, Wells Fargo concentrated on assessing commitment of individual member of each team. Understanding the drivers of what element in the team covered the duration between projects and the length. In this case, they sort to comprehend internal links between various business results in projects. Ultimately, Wells Fargo found out that a strong relationship a high degree of employee engagement and increased productivity of employees as well as the satisfaction of customers. Barrio-Urdaneta, 2008, p. 41) on the other hand, relates metrics with analytics. However, he adds that the important idea is aligning the company strategy to both metrics and analytics (Whiteley, 2002, p. 77). If research by a particular company for instance Wells Fargo proves that high employee engagement results in improved customer satisfaction because of increased sales, then the business organization will put measures to invest more in strategic initiatives that enhance employee commitment. Higher employee commitment is a prerequisite for better performance in the store. An initiative by Wells Fargo demonstrates that it is possible for international business companies to carry out measurement of the impact of the commitment of employees to the success of business organization (Jucius, 1975, p. 51). It is important to mention that more companies continue to invest in the assessment of employee engagement but fail in evaluating the effectiveness of the same miserably. This explains why the fair badly in analyzing important drivers of the commitment of employees. It is for this reason that most managers as well as Chief Executives continue to wonder how particular human resource programs influence the performance of both the company and employees. Gellerman, (1968, p. 97) feels it is necessary for businesses especially international enterprises to understand the impact of qualities that shape the drivers of employee engagement. Furthermore, managers of such businesses must have qualities of evaluating employee engagement apart from measuring effectiveness of the same. Methodology The research undertakes to define the objectives of the study, which is central in determining the methodology to apply. Researchers comprehend that both qualitative and quantitative study methodologies can apply in assessing benefits of employee engagement effectively. However, great attention comes with getting the best methodology to apply depending on the circumstance. Therefore, this specific research will use qualitative assessment including face-to-face interviews. The research will cover a small number of people, the study aims to go for the finer details, researchers, and their assistants will fluctuate in their interviews across various topics, as well as evaluating the degree of particular topics. Most importantly, the research will attempt to establish a link between employee engagement and company success with regard to international business. The methodology will include discussions among focus groups in addition to the face-to-face interviews. Limitations of the research This research has limitations that people carrying out the study will experience. First, the study will be costly. A research on employee engagement calls for the use of more money compared to other research studies because it involves a lot of movement. In this case, the human resources department relies on the approval of the overall budget by the board. The second limitation getting approvals from business company management to interview their employees. Furthermore, the study may suffer from the fact that people charged with the responsibility of carrying out the study have insufficient knowledge in the same discipline. Understanding the culture of the company tradition established by the founders is also a challenge. Bibliography Azusa Pacific University. (1983).  Job satisfaction. Azusa, Calif, Azusa Pacific College. Barrio-Urdaneta, E. C. (2008).  Employee engagement. Thesis (M.A.)--Bethel University, 2008. Flippo, E. B. (1984).  Personnel management. New York, McGraw-Hill. Gellerman, S. W. (1968).  Management by motivation. [New York], American Management Association. Institute Of Personnel Management. (1969).  Personnel management. London, Business Publications]. Jucius, M. J. (1975).  Personnel management. Homewood, Ill, R.D. Irwin. Lucas, J. R. (1999).  The passionate organization igniting the fire of employee commitment. New York, AMACOM. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=516 Macey, W. H. (2009).  Employee engagement. Chichester, U.K., Wiley-Blackwell. Sayeed, O. (2001). Organizational Commitment for healthy organizations. New York, McGraw-Hill. Whiteley, P. (2002).  Motivation. Oxford, U.K., Capstone Pub. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=67260.

Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision Making for Workshops

Question: Discuss about theCritical Thinking and Managerial Decision Making for Workshops. Answer: Introduction Critical thinking becomes a fundamental element when managerial decision-making is considered (Facione and Gittens, 2015, p.183). Every manager and his team are expected to possess strong critical thinking ability, so that they can be able to run the organization and companies in the right direction. The course that I have gone through; Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision-Making, has helped me in developing skills that are directly applicable in improving my levels of critical thinking, applying managerial and organization leadership theories in the managerial reflections and in workshops. The skills I have developed in this learning environment and practices will be directly applied in my future career to make sure that I will be able to work well as a manager (Kinicki et al., 2014, p. 53). Week 1: Introduction to Problem solving and Managerial Decision Problem solving abilities and communicating effectively is what people in businesses relate to as critical thinking. Use of logic and brain to understand all the life situations will depend on how someone thinks critically. Managerial decision making on the other hand involves solving problems and making resolutions, which leads to good management skills (Goetsch and Davis, 2014, p. 106). Critical thinking and managerial decision making will therefore help one be a good manager by ensuring that all what happens within is because of thoughtful conclusion. Any good learner will apply the two to ensure success in everything in future that is after joining them with the educational knowledge. As a learner, I am also able to plan my time and manage it. In exam, I am needed to think critically so that I can score well. I am capable of solving all the problems, which I come across in life because in mind I know that any decision I make should aim at ensuring peace of my mind. Any conclusion I come to should always be welcomed by the people I lead or in the society, as I should always solve my problems observing that I do not harm other people after what I do now and in future. Week 2: Reflection on Prospect Theory and Application of the Theory in Making Managerial Decisions People choose alternatives in life through probabilities, which may result to risking with unknown outcome. Daniel Kahneman describes this as Prospect theory. Use of this theory is evident in how people risk in their real life as they try to work and make a living through businesses. Daily routine of working hard to put something on the table makes them toss or risk their lives and property with an intention of gaining more not knowing that they may end up making losses (Wang, Zhang and Wang, 2015, p.68). All this is due to the decisions made based on assumptions of gaining which is the mentality of every businessperson. Failure to know the outcome makes the person put more effort to make profit or achieve the target in the business. With this in mind, any risk I take is geared towards attaining what is worthy. I have been able to understand that alternatives I take requires critical thinking and making wise decisions. Knowledge will also enable me accept losses because they can be b ecause of risking without knowing the outcome. This has helped me in knowing that in risking I should always be prepared for different results, which may be favorable or unfavorable. Bearing this in mind, I can always be prepared in future for anything worth taking risks. Week 3: Reflection on Science of Personality and Automatic Thinking Science of personality help people understand and manage time. It helps one become an important member in any business. People learn about themselves and about other people hence making it very easy for them to relate well. This knowledge leads to healthy living whereby one can understand the other ensuring peace between them. In business, all the participants will transact their businesses well because they are aware of each others personality. Automatic thinking entails thinking fast while critical thinking requires reasoning and that is why it can also be referred to as slow thinking. The knowledge of the two has helped me make rational decisions. Through fast thinking, I can make quick decisions and especially in moments, which require quick actions to be taken. I am capable of managing stress through the knowledge of automatic thinking. Knowledge of inductive reasoning has also helped me in predicting about my future and everything that I do in life. Conclusions I make are out o f it hence shaping up my behavior because I can well predict my future (Jackson and Schuler, 1995, p.237). Week 4: Reflection on Self-Awareness and the Core of Good Leadership Self-awareness being the ability to recognize oneself leads to an individual having a clear view of his or her personality. This awareness has helped me learn more about myself and other people hence being able to relate well with them. Sometimes I can work to improve my awareness through practicing. It makes it possible for to understand leaders and who they are because I have the ability to know their personality. I am able to manage a large group of people because I have learnt how to interact, lead and relate well with people. This improves my leadership skills, which helps me create a good rapport with people now and in future. It has also helped me practice decorum in my leadership. Talking to people politely makes them respect you despite your age or height because of the good approach to them. Having learnt this, I have been able to practice it because I am aware that is what people likes. Therefore, in leadership I can apply all what I have learnt by reflecting back to the c ontent taught and the knowledge I have gained after studying. Week 5: Reflection on Innovation and Creativity Innovation and creativity are important skills in critical thinking and decision making as they serve to improve what one is doing and give the results of someones thoughts. Thinking outside the box also is part of creativity because someone has to engage his or her mind in critical thinking. I have learnt that through innovation and creativity I can come up with something, which can help me in living a good life. Am able to help many people out of my innovation hence creating friendship among the people. Any situation, which seems to be difficult, I am able to think outside the box and be able to solve the problem because I have the ability to. Sharing with other people my innovations, which are out of my creativity because of critical thinking, has helped me lead people well without rough heads. This will also help me in future in leading people and in managing everything that I do. Response on Context Analysis and Making Quality Conclusion The decision-making and contexts are interlinked because decision making involves the process of having or gaining clarity together with the elements based on conclusion and the identification of quality conclusions (Helfat and Peteraf, 2015, p.831; Bratton and Gold, 2017). The reflection based on the decision making in the context as well as developing strong conclusion has helped me in my managerial skills and in making right decisions. The lesson for the week engaged me fully and I was able to realize that there is a close relationship between decision-making process and context. On the aspect of the context, I learnt about understanding the people in the workplace, identification of the needs at a particular time; when, following the right criteria, approximating when and the area where the risks may happen. Understanding the context will help me decide where I will make adjustments and it will positively influence my decision. The issue of understanding setting had not been so m uch familiar to me as I did not have a clear grasp of the organization, or the business decision making in context (Rothaermel, 2015, p.94). However, with the current knowledge of the same. I am therefore, challenged to practice context analysis before making any decision in any workplace. Week 7: Critical Thinking and Managerial Decision Making 7 weeks Course The significant or important concepts learnt in each week are crucial to all the people. Personally, they are very important to me because they have helped and guided me in everything I do and will do in future (Liu, Fan and Zhang, 2014, p.75). For instance, the prospect theory and science of personality have helped me know that risking can be done with an aim of gaining only to get a loss at the end. This has helped me to know that I must psychologically be prepared to any outcome because anything can happen on the process. Self-awareness has also in living well with people because I have known that people have different personalities. This knowledge is what has enabled good relationship between me and the other people. Conclusion Conclusively, critical thinking and managerial decision-making are very important skills, which every human being is entitled to have. The two help one in managing himself or herself and then in managing other people. I can bet that the knowledge I have gained in studying the two skills has helped me a lot from the way I view issues and conduct myself to the way I also view other people. Applying the skills in my daily life has created a good rapport, which gives me peace of mind. Therefore, it is very important for everybody to get to know them and live well with other people because as one is solving his or her problem, he or she solves other peoples problems too. References Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2017. Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave. Facione, P. and Gittens, C.A., 2015. Think critically. Pearson. Gherardi, S. and Murgia, A., 2014. What makes a good manager? Positioning gender and management in students narratives. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33(8), pp.690-707. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hatch, M.J., 2018. Organization theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Helfat, C.E. and Peteraf, M.A., 2015. Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 36(6), pp.831-850. Jackson, S.E. and Schuler, R.S., 1995. Understanding human resource management in the context of organizations and their environments. Annual review of psychology, 46(1), pp.237-264. Kinicki, A., Williams, B.K., Scott-Ladd, B. and Perry, M., 2014. Management: A practical introduction. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Liu, Y., Fan, Z.P. and Zhang, Y., 2014. Risk decision analysis in emergency response: A method based on cumulative prospect theory. Computers Operations Research, 42, pp.75-82. Marsick, V. and Watkins, K., 2015. Informal and incidental learning in the workplace (Routledge revivals). Routledge. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Wang, L., Zhang, Z.X. and Wang, Y.M., 2015. A prospect theory-based interval dynamic reference point method for emergency decision making. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(23), pp.9379-9388.

The Wounded Knee Massacre Essay Example

The Wounded Knee Massacre Essay Proposal: This research would like to focus on the Wounded Knee Massacre, specifically drawing the relationship between the events before, during and after it. The Wounded Knee Massacre (also known as the Battle of Wounded Knee) is regarded as the event that put a close to the Indian wars in the United States. On December 29, 1890, federal troops slaughtered almost 300 Lakota men, women and children on the snowy banks of Wounded Knee Creek. At present, the Wounded Knee Massacre still manages to stir up strong political sentiments among Native Americans and their supporters. Furthermore, the incident â€Å"(symbolized) not only a culmination of a clash of cultures and the failure of governmental Indian policies, but also the end of the American frontier† (Liggett, 1998). Events Leading to the Massacre The Native Americans were the original inhabitants of the United States. For thousands of years, they lived in the continent in isolation, allowing their tribes to develop distinct cultures. But white immigration in the 15th century nearly wiped out their existence, as well as their ways of life. Aside from seizing their lands, the whites sold countless Indians to slavery or killed them through warfare or disease (MSN Encarta, 2008). Consequently, some Native American tribes resorted to armed resistance. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wounded Knee Massacre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Wounded Knee Massacre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Wounded Knee Massacre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Effects of the Ghost Dance Outbreak Wovoka (formerly known as Jack Wilson), a Paiute prophet, founded the Ghost Dance religion in the late 1880s. He promised that should the ritual ghost dance be observed, the Indians will regain their lands, their dead ancestors will rise, the whites will disappear and the future of the Native Americans will be characterized by eternal peace and prosperity (MSN Encarta, 2008). Many Native American tribes embraced the Ghost Dance as a result, viewing it as a salvation from their lives of hunger, disease, oppression and poverty (Liggett, 1998). But the emergence of the Ghost Dance religion frightened white settlers, prompting them to call for federal intervention (MSN Encarta, 2008). The Arrest Order against Big Foot and Sitting Bull. The Ghost Dance religion rapidly spread through all of the Sioux reservations. Led by Big Foot, Sioux Indians (many of whom were women who lost their husbands and or male relatives in wars against the Americans) would perform the Ghost Dance until they collapsed, hoping that their dead ancestors will indeed come back to life. His half-brother, Sitting Bull, did not believe that the Ghost Dance can raise the dead. Despite his disbelief, he respected the beliefs of those who practiced the Ghost Dance (Ghost Dancer’s Native American Indian Lodge, 1998). But Sitting Bull was afraid of the rumors that soldiers were being sent to some reservations because the white settlers were afraid of the Indians who were practicing the Ghost Dance. He did not want to lose more of his people to American troops. Sitting Bull’s fears were well-founded – Agent McLaughlin accused him of being the mastermind of the Ghost Dance and telegraphed Washington for additional forces (Ghost Dancer’s Native American Indian Lodge, 1998). General Miles, meanwhile, had ordered the arrest of Big Foot, who, by then, had already fled to Pine Ridge with his followers (Last of the Independents, n.d.). The Death of Sitting Bull and his Troops. About 43 Indian police surrounded Sitting Bull’s cabin on the dawn of December 15, 1890. A squadron of cavalry was stationed three miles away to serve as reinforcements. Lieutenant Bull Head entered the cabin and roused Sitting Bull, who agreed to come with the police as soon as he was dressed. But as soon as they were outside, a large group of Ghost Dancers began to confront the police (Last of the Independents, n.d.). The scuffle between the two parties resulted in bloodshed. One of the dancers, Catch-the-Bear, brandished a rifle and fired at Lieutenant Bull Head. Bull Head fired back at him in retaliation, only to accidentally shoot Sitting Bull. Sitting Bull was also shot in the head by another policeman, Red Tomhawk. Although the cavalry later managed to quell the fighting, many Indian policemen had already died (Last of the Independents, n.d.). The Capture of Big Foot by the Troops of Major Samuel M. Whitside. In order to evade arrest, Big Foot and his followers went to the Pine Ridge Reservation on December 28, 1890. But they were intercepted at Porcupine Butte by Major Samuel M. Whitside and were instead taken to Wounded Knee Creek. While in custody, the Indians were interrogated all night regarding as to whether or not they participated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 – the battle wherein the combined forces of Lakota and Northern Cheyenne Indians defeated the troops of General George Armstrong Custer. The officers and troopers at Wounded Knee Creek were said to have gotten themselves drunk on whiskey celebrating Big Foot’s capture (Dill, n.d.). The Deployment of Troops to Lakota Camp On the evening of December 28, Colonel James Forsyth arrived at Wounded Knee Creek with reinforcements and assumed the commandership of the operation. At dawn on December 29, 1890, he announced that the prisoners will be taken to Omaha, Nebraska. An estimated 120 Lakota warriors were then summoned to a powwow (â€Å"council circle†) with the 7th Cavalry position (Forsyth’s troops) some 200 yards north. Even Big Foot, who was ill with pneumonia, was brought along to the meeting (Bateman, 2008). In his article Wounded Knee (2008), Robert Bateman described how tight security was during the aforementioned powwow: Three companies of dismounted troopers moved in to surround the assembled braves, while two rows of mounted troopers waited in open skirmish order several hundred yards to the south and west. This was not a combat formation, but one more suited to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   crowd control, should the Sioux attempt to flee. As an added precaution, 7th Cavalry commander Colonel James W. Forsyth placed four Hotchkiss light artillery guns on a rise overlooking the camp. (n. pag.) The Disarmament of the Siuox. Forsyth had a very good reason for tightening the security – the powwow was intended to strip the detainees of their weapons, particularly firearms. During the meeting, he demanded (with the aid of a translator) that the Indian delegates turn over all their arms. Despite an order from Big Foot to surrender their weapons, the Indians gave up only two broken carbines. Upset, Forsyth ordered a complete search (Bateman, 2008). Misunderstandings between the Lakota and the Federal Troops Back in the main camp, rumor was rife among the other prisoners that they will be deported to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). This story stirred panic among them, as Indian Territory was notorious for very abject living conditions. While Forsyth’s soldiers were searching the remaining Indians in the camp for weapons, some of the Native Americans began performing the Ghost Dance. As part of the ceremony, one of the performers threw dirt – an act which was misinterpreted by the soldiers as a manifestation of hostility. The situation worsened when Black Coyote, an Indian who was believed to be deaf, accidentally fired his gun as soldiers tried to take it away from him (Liggett, 1998). The Massacre Although nobody was injured from the shot, the soldiers construed it as a sign that the Indians wanted to fight. As a result, the troops struck back by gunning down defenseless Indians using small arms and the Hotchkiss cannons. Big Foot and his troops tried to fight back, but they were no match against the superior firepower of the soldiers. It must be noted that Hotchkiss cannons have the capacity to fire 50 two-pound explosive shells per minute (Liggett, 1998). The 350 unarmed Indians also tried to fight back with their bare hands. But they were outnumbered by the almost 500 well-armed government troops. Although most of the massacre’s casualties were killed during the first ten to twenty minutes of the slaughter, soldiers had to spend several hours more going after Indians who attempted to flee into a nearby ravine (Liggett, 1998). The army spared no one, not even the women and the children. Below is an eyewitness account from an Oglala Sioux named American Horse: There was a woman with an infant in her arms who was killed as she almost touched the flag of truce†¦A mother was shot down with her infant; the child not knowing that its mother was dead was still nursing†¦The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed together, shot right through†¦and after almost all of them had been killed a cry was made that all those who were not killed or wounded should come forth and they would be safe. Little boys†¦came out of their places of refuge, and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them there. (n. pag.) On January 1, 1891, a burial team returned to Wounded Knee and buried the bodies of the dead in a single burial pit. The injured and those at the point of death, meanwhile, were brought to an improvised hospital in the Pine Ridge Improvised Church. Ironically, 23 soldiers from the 7th Cavalry later received the Congressional Medal of Honor for killing unarmed Indians at Wounded Knee (Liggett, 1998). Despite the carnage of the Wounded Knee Massacre, public outrage over the event prompted General Miles to use political diplomacy in ending the federal government’s war with the Native Americans. Although he had the Stronghold (a major Sioux base) surrounded with 8,000 troops, he urged the Sioux to lay down their arms in exchange for good treatment from the government. The Sioux finally surrendered on January 15, 1891, ending the decades-long hostilities between the Indians and the Americans (Phillips, 2008). Conclusion The Wounded Knee Massacre is an event in American history that validates the claim that the oppression of Native Americans by white settlers is the first instance of American imperialism. The white settlers disregarded the fact that the Indians were the original inhabitants of the United States simply because the latter had a way of life which they considered â€Å"uncivilized.† Difference in culture was used as a license to kill defenseless individuals. If this is how the Americans treated those from their own land, why should the world get surprised if it eventually treated people from other lands worse? References Bateman, R. (2008). Wounded Knee. Military History, 24, n. pag. Retrieved August 3, 2008 from EBSCOhost. Dill, J.S. Cankpe Opi. (n.d.). Chronology of Events Leading Up to the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www.clickshovel.com/wkup.html Ghost Dancer’s Native American Indian Lodge. (1998). Ghost Dance Movement. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/Bayou/6029/Wolf/gdance.html Last of the Independents. (n.d.). Wounded Knee: The Ghost Dance. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/wounded.htm Liggett, L. Bowling Green State University, American Culture Studies Program. (1998). The Wounded Knee Massacre (December 29, 1890): An Account of the Massacre. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www.bgsu.edu/department/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKmscr.html Liggett, L. Bowling Green State University, American Culture Studies Program. (1998). The Wounded Knee Massacre (December 29, 1890): An Introduction. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www.bgsu.edu/department/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html Liggett, L. Bowling Green State University, American Culture Studies Program. (1998). The Wounded Knee Massacre (December 29, 1890): Ghost Dance Religion. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www.bgsu.edu/department/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKghost.html MSN Encarta. (2008). Native Americans of North America. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570777/Native_Americans_of_North_ America.html MSN Encarta. (2008). Wounded Knee. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574723/Wounded_Knee.html Phillips, C. HistoryNet.com. (2008). Wounded Knee Massacre: United States versus the Plains Indians. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from Wounded Knee Massacre: United States versus the Plains Indians